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Exit waterfall calculator

The percentage on your share certificate is not what you receive. This works through the actual order of payment — costs, debt, then each preference class in seniority order — and shows what is left for ordinary shareholders, and for you.

The exit

The preference stack

Most senior first. Leave a class at zero if it does not exist. "As-converted %" is the share of the company that class would hold if it converted to ordinary shares.

ClassPreferenceAs-converted %Participating
Most senior
Middle
Most junior
StepPaid outRemaining
Reaching ordinary shareholders
Your proceeds
What your % of the sale price implied

A model, not advice. Real waterfalls involve escrow, earn-outs, exercise proceeds from options, transaction bonuses and drafting particular to each company's documents. Use this to understand the shape of the calculation, and your own documents for the answer.

The number worth finding

Move the sale price down until the ordinary line reaches zero. That figure — shown as the breakeven below the results — is the sale price at which your shares begin to be worth anything. In a company that has raised heavily, particularly one with a participating preference, it is often startlingly high.

It is also the most useful single fact about a position you already hold. A company you are proud of, growing well, with $85m of preferences ahead of you, needs a very large exit before your percentage means anything at all — and knowing that number changes how you think about follow-ons, about secondaries, and about whether to keep waiting.

If the gap between your proceeds and the naive percentage figure is large, the cause is almost always participation or astacked preference structure. Both are worth understanding before you invest rather than at the point of sale.

Exit waterfall: common questions

Why is my percentage not what I receive?
Because transaction costs, debt and every liquidation preference are paid before ordinary shareholders receive anything. In a modest exit those claims can absorb the entire price, which is why a percentage is a shorthand and the waterfall is the calculation.
What does non-participating mean in this tool?
A non-participating class takes either its preference or its as-converted share of the proceeds, whichever is greater — never both. The calculator runs the comparison for each class and applies whichever pays that class more.
What is the breakeven number the tool shows?
The sale price at which ordinary shareholders begin to receive anything at all. In a heavily funded company it is often far higher than founders and angels assume, and it is the single most useful thing to know about a position you already hold.

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