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Book · How companies get built

Crossing the Chasm

Geoffrey Moore · 1991

Why products that delight early adopters so often fail to reach the mainstream — written in 1991 and still the best explanation of a failure mode angels see constantly.

Why it is here

The central observation is that early adopters and the mainstream market want fundamentally different things: the first group wants a breakthrough and will tolerate roughness, the second wants a complete, safe solution to a familiar problem. The gap between them is where an enormous number of promising companies stall.

For an angel this maps precisely onto a specific diligence situation: a company with enthusiastic early customers, excellent qualitative feedback, and growth that has quietly flattened. The question is not whether the product is good but whether the next group of buyers wants the same thing.

The examples are decades old and the mechanism is not. If anything it is more relevant now, because the early-adopter population for technology products is larger and therefore takes longer to exhaust.

Read it if

You are looking at a company whose early customers love it and whose growth has slowed.

Skip it if

You need contemporary examples to stay engaged — this one requires patience with 1990s technology.

Pair it withThe Cold Start ProblemAndrew ChenHow network effects actually get started, sustained and defended — the most rigorous available treatment of the term everybody uses loosely.

Crossing the Chasm: common questions

Is a book from 1991 still useful?
The examples have dated badly and the mechanism has not. The gap between what early adopters want and what mainstream buyers want is structural, and it still explains why companies with delighted first customers stall.
What does the chasm look like in diligence?
Enthusiastic qualitative feedback, strong early cohorts, and growth that has flattened without an obvious cause. The useful question is whether the next group of buyers wants the same product, or a more complete and less demanding version of it.