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Book · How it actually went

Working Backwards

Colin Bryar & Bill Carr · 2021

Two long-serving Amazon executives on the company's internal mechanisms — the six-page memo, the written narrative, the working-backwards product process.

Why it is here

This is the operational counterpart to The Everything Store: not what happened, but how decisions were actually made. The mechanisms it describes — banning slide decks in favour of written narratives, starting from the press release and working back to the product — are specific and copyable.

The angel-relevant idea is the written narrative. Requiring a decision to be argued in prose rather than bullet points exposes reasoning that a deck can hide, and asking a founder for a page of prose on their riskiest assumption is a diligence technique borrowed directly from this.

It is written by insiders and reads like it. The mechanisms are presented as unambiguously successful, and a more sceptical account would note that they worked in a particular culture with a particular founder.

Read it if

You are interested in decision-making processes you could actually adopt.

Skip it if

You want a critical assessment — this is an insider account and reads as one.

Pair it withThe Everything StoreBrad StoneA reported history of Amazon's first two decades, written by a journalist rather than a participant.

Working Backwards: common questions

What can an angel actually use from this?
The written narrative. Asking a founder to argue their riskiest assumption in a page of prose rather than a slide exposes reasoning that bullet points conceal, and it takes them an hour.
Is it too company-specific to generalise?
Partly. The mechanisms are presented as universally applicable and clearly depended on a particular culture and founder. The underlying principle — force reasoning into prose — travels better than the specific rituals.