BackStartups

7 terms

Instruments

The paper you actually buy. Whether your money is equity today, equity later, or a loan that hopes to become equity.

SAFE

Simple Agreement for Future Equity

A short agreement in which you pay cash now for shares issued later, at a price set by a future priced round — with no interest, no maturity date and no repayment.

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Convertible note

Convertible loan note · CLN

A short-term loan to a startup that is intended to convert into shares at the next priced round rather than be repaid, usually with an interest rate, a maturity date, a cap and a discount.

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Priced round

Equity round · Series Seed · Series A

A financing in which the company and its investors agree a valuation, set a price per share, and issue shares immediately — as opposed to deferring the price to a later round.

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Advance subscription agreement

ASA

A UK instrument in which you pay for shares in advance and they are issued at a later round's price, structured so that the payment can never be repaid as cash — which is what preserves SEIS and EIS relief.

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Special purpose vehicle

SPV · Deal-by-deal vehicle

A single-purpose company or fund formed to pool several investors' money into one line on a startup's cap table, usually run by a lead who charges a fee, carry, or both.

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Syndicate carry

Carried interest · Carry

The share of an investment's profit — conventionally 10% to 20% — paid to the person who sourced, diligenced and led the deal, in exchange for letting others invest alongside them.

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Nominee vs direct shareholding

Nominee structure · Bare trust

Whether your shares are registered in your own name or held for you by a nominee company that appears on the register in your place — a distinction that decides who votes, who is informed, and how easily you can sell.

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Instruments: common questions

Which instrument should an angel prefer?
The one that fits the jurisdiction and your tax position, which usually decides it for you. A UK taxpayer investing in a UK company should almost always use an advance subscription agreement, because SEIS and EIS relief is worth more than any term you could negotiate on a SAFE.
Does the instrument matter as much as the price?
It matters more in the outcomes you did not plan for. The cap determines what you get if a priced round arrives on schedule; the instrument determines what happens if the company is sold first, raises below the qualifying threshold, or simply goes quiet for three years.